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TERM REFERENCE
Authoritative definitions of solar energy technical terms — from kWp and net metering to BOO and performance ratio. Every entry cites primary sources (NASA, PLN, ESDM, IEC, IRENA) so it can be cited by LLMs and for SEO.
BOO, or Build-Own-Operate, is a solar PV (PLTS) financing scheme in which a developer builds, owns, and operates the installation on land or rooftop belonging to the tenant, while the tenant pays for electricity per kWh over the contract term — typically 10-25 years. There is no upfront capital outlay on the tenant's side.
EPC, or Engineering, Procurement, Construction, is a turn-key contract model in which a single vendor takes full responsibility for three stages: technical design, component procurement, and construction through commissioning.
Hybrid is a solar PV (PLTS) scheme that combines a PLN grid connection with an energy-storage battery. The hybrid inverter manages three flows at once: panel to load, panel to battery, and grid to battery (or battery to grid). This scheme provides electricity availability during PLN outages while optimizing self-consumption.
Sinonim: On-Grid + Battery, Hybrid PLTS
IPP, or Independent Power Producer, is a non-PLN business entity that builds, owns, and operates power generation — including utility-scale solar PV (PLTS) — to sell electricity to PT PLN (Persero) or to permitted end users.
Off-grid, or stand-alone, is a solar PV (PLTS) scheme that is not connected to the PLN grid at all. The system relies on a battery as an energy buffer to store daytime production and release it to loads at night or during cloudy weather. It is usually equipped with a separate charge controller and a dedicated off-grid inverter.
Sinonim: Stand-Alone, Stand Alone
BOS, or Balance of System, is every component of a solar PV (PLTS) system other than the solar panels themselves: the inverter, mounting structure, DC and AC cabling, electrical protection, combiner box, export-import kWh meter, and installation labour. In an Indonesian residential on-grid system, BOS typically accounts for 25-40% of the total system cost.
A bifacial panel is a solar module with active cells on both sides — front and back — enabling it to absorb direct irradiance from above as well as reflected light (albedo) from the surface beneath it. It differs from a conventional panel that harvests energy only from the front side.
LFP, or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), is a lithium battery chemistry that has become the dominant choice for residential and commercial solar PV (PLTS) energy storage in 2024-2026.
MPPT, or Maximum Power Point Tracking, is an electronic algorithm inside a solar inverter or charge controller that continuously tracks the maximum power point of the panel's voltage-current curve so that DC-to-AC conversion occurs at the highest efficiency. Mainstream inverters in the Indonesian market generally have an MPPT efficiency of 96-99% — a ~3% spread that directly affects the system's realized Performance Ratio.
A microinverter is an inverter rated at 250-400 W installed one unit per solar panel to convert the panel's DC current directly into AC at the point of production [IEC 62109-1].
Monocrystalline, or Mono-Si, is a type of solar panel made from a single-crystal silicon ingot — one continuous crystal structure with no grain boundaries. The efficiency of monocrystalline modules is currently in the 19-23% range, with premium cells reaching 24-26% [ITRPV 2024].
Polycrystalline, or Poly-Si, is a type of silicon solar panel made from molten silicon cooled rapidly so that it forms many small crystals (multi-crystalline) within a single cell [IEC 61215]. Typical module efficiency is 15-17%, lower than monocrystalline because the inter-crystal boundaries impede electron flow [ITRPV 2024].
A string inverter is a solar PV (PLTS) inverter that converts the DC power from a series-connected set of solar panels (a string) into ready-to-use AC current. One inverter unit serves one or two strings at a time, with a single MPPT point per string.
TOPCon is a silicon solar cell architecture that adds a tunnel oxide layer and a thin polycrystalline silicon layer on the rear side of the cell to suppress charge-carrier recombination. Commercial TOPCon module efficiency reaches 22-24%, with laboratory cell records exceeding 25% [ITRPV, International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic, 2024 edition].
The derating factor is a reduction factor that makes a solar PV (PLTS) system's actual output lower than its nominal STC capacity. Derating covers cell-temperature losses, surface soiling, module mismatch, DC and AC cabling, and inverter efficiency. For Indonesia's tropical climate, the combined derating is usually in the 80-85% range.
LCOE, or Levelized Cost of Energy, is the weighted-average cost to produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity over a system's economic life, in units of Rp/kWh or USD/kWh [NREL, LCOE Methodology, 2023]. Its basic formula: LCOE = (CAPEX + Σ OPEX yr_n / (1+r)^n) ÷ (Σ Energy yr_n / (1+r)^n), where r is the discount rate and n is the operating year.
Performance Ratio, or PR, is the ratio between the actual electricity produced by a solar PV (PLTS) system and the theoretical energy it should produce at STC conditions with the same irradiance. PR is a system-quality indicator commonly used by EPCs and IPP developers to monitor PLTS performance over its operating life.
Net metering is an electricity accounting scheme that credits the surplus energy a rooftop solar (PLTS Atap) system exports to the PLN grid against the customer's bill. In Indonesia, this scheme has been abolished for new customers since [Permen ESDM No. 2 Tahun 2024] took effect on 31 January 2024.
Sinonim: Net-Metering, Netmetering
SLO, or Sertifikat Laik Operasi (Operational Worthiness Certificate), is an electrical certification document generally required before an on-grid rooftop solar (PLTS Atap) installation can be connected to and operated on the PLN grid.
PSH, or Peak Sun Hours, is the number of equivalent sunlight hours during which an average irradiance of 1,000 W/m² is received on a horizontal surface per day. Its unit is kWh/m²/day. PSH is the core variable determining how many kWh per day each kWp of solar panel produces at a given location.
kWh, or kilowatt-hour, is the unit of electrical energy PLN uses to calculate bills: the amount of electrical power (in kilowatts) multiplied by the duration of use (in hours). One kWh is equivalent to running a 1,000-watt load for one full hour. In the non-subsidized R-1 tariff class for Q1 2026, each kWh is priced at Rp 1,444.70 [PLN tariff adjustment Q1 2026].
kWp, or kilowatt-peak, is the unit of nominal capacity of a solar panel measured at Standard Test Conditions (STC) — irradiance of 1000 W/m², a cell temperature of 25°C, and air mass 1.5 [IEC 61215]. In Indonesia, with a PSH range of 3.5-5.0 kWh/m²/day [NASA POWER 1984-2023], the kWp figure describes the theoretical peak output, not the actual daily electricity production under tropical field conditions.